Organizational Change Perspectives

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Change Perspectives. Answer: Introduction The essay discusses the organizational development and change management from the organizational change perspectives. The essay discusses the organizational development, and various organizational change perspectives. Further, the essay discusses in detail about the leadership, management and governance perspective of organizational change. The essay has also discusses the processes of change diagnosis and change intervention and how it is carried in the organizational context. Organizational development It involves research, theory and practice of various concepts related to the organization in order to enhance the knowledge and effectiveness of human resource to achieve more successful organizational change and performance. Organizational development can be defined as process of continuous diagnosis, action planning, implementation and evaluation, with the objective of transferring knowledge and skills to organizations to improve their problem solving capacity and to manage future change. Todays business environment has become highly competitive and dynamic; therefore, it is crucial for business organizations to align with such complex environments. Organizational development helps in aligning the organizations with the rapidly changing business environment through organizational learning, knowledge management and passing on organization values, culture and ethics (Geparth et al. 2014). Organizational development is the use of various techniques and interventions that have been planned and implemented in order to facilitate the incorporation of certain pre-determined and consequential changes in the organizational structure, processes or human resources within the organization. Organizational change perspectives In the modern business environment, it is has become very crucial for business organizations to evolve and adapt as per the requirements of the business. To be successful in the long-run companies are required to implement certain changes that allows it to gain certain competitive advantage over the competitors. Organizational change is important for the any business organization, if it wants to stay in the business for the long term as the business environment is changing at a very rapid pace and only those businesses can survive in the market that adapts and evolves with the changing environment. Further, the change that can be brought depending on the requirement of the business (Coghlan and Shani 2013). For the purpose of this essay Leadership, governance and management; Sustainability; Innovation and entrepreneurship and Technology (disruptive) perspectives are discussed as Leadership, Governance and Management: In order to bring the desired change in the organanizattion, the role of leaders, top executives, change agents and opinion leaders becomes as they exercise greater authority and trust from the employees. A change is most likely to be imbibed in the organization culture if it has backing by the organization leadership and top executives. Moreover, it is also important to have complete governance support before, during and after the change management process so that employees can be assured of the importance of the change and can adjust to their new roles and responsibilities. Effective governance acts as a catalyst to make the change process more efficient and effective (Cummings and Worley 2014). Sustainability: Sustainability motives in the organization include ecological, economic, legal and regulatory, organizational identity and financials. It helps in developing corporate social responsibility opportunities in organizational development. In addition, it helps in identifying what roles gender, ethnicity, culture and class have in bringing and sustaining change. It also helps to identify how perceptions and beliefs inspire sustainable development (Myers et al. 2012). Innovation and entrepreneurship: Innovation and entrepreneurship helps the organization to develop new value chain improvements, new supply opportunities and new market opportunities. It can be attained through employee training, developing strategies to lower staff turnover, managing risks and incorporating due process rigor. It also includes bringing organizational change for a flexible and dynamic business. Technology (disruptive): As technology is one of the most changing and dynamic plays an important role in gaining competitive advantage. Therefore, it is important to implement new technologies in the business as well as innovate new technologies to make the business processes more efficient. Responding to new technologies that creates market opportunities helps in improving the organizations competitiveness. It also helps in eliminating process and role redundancies due to the inefficient technologies. Therefore, it becomes crucial to take advantage of new technologies as soon as possible in order to provide best products and services and thereby enhance satisfaction levels of all the stakeholders of the organization. As is clear from the above discussion that desired change in the organization can be brought about by any of the above organizational change perspectives (Myers et al. 2012).However for the purpose of this assignment, Leadership, Governance and Management is being discussed in more detail. Change Diagnosis The success of any business depends on its ability to respond to change and implementing new business strategies, processes and principles as early as the external business environment make pressure for change. Therefore, it is important for the business organizations to forecast the future market conditions by keeping an eye on the market trends and developments and initiate change processes as soon as possible. In this context, change diagnosis helps in identifying the areas that needs intervention. Change diagnosis includes following steps Most of the changes in the organization are required due to the pressure from the external forces such as invention of new technologies, policies of government, competitors strategies and the like over which the organization. Apart from that, the need for change can also arise from within the organization, if the management is of the view that changes are required in the organization to enhance and streamline internal organization capabilities. From the leadership, governance and management perspective, change is important in the event of crisis, if there is performance gap or new opportunities are identified by the business that require considerable change in the organization (Senge 2014). From the leadership, governance and management perspective, diagnosis can be undertaken by undertaking following two steps: Preparing the diagnostic analysis: It is the pre diagnostic tool that comprises activities such as identifying the study area, building a team responsible comprising of top management, leadership, change agents, opinion leaders and the like that will be responsible for making the diagnosis and selection of most appropriate methods and tools that are necessary for its accomplishment. In an organization, from the leadership perspective preparation for change diagnosis can be undertaken by studying the leadership style being followed in the organization, identifying whether the current organization structure, leadership style and overall management is in align with the organizational mission and objectives. Moreover, it is also important to analyse whether the current leadership and management style would be sufficient to meet the challenges of the future. In order to achieve this, a team comprising of top management, organizational leaders and change agents are required to take a preliminary investigation. It helps the management to identify what changes are required to be made and how it is going to affect the organization in long run. The leadership, governance and management related changes are most difficult as human factors are involved and it requires constant reinforcement to prepare human resources for the desired change (Ford and Foster 2012). Investigation and analysis: Tthis stage is further sub-divided into the following stages: Collecting and organizing data: It is important to collect data in order to validate the importance of change as well as ascertain how the change would enable the organization achieve competitive advantage. Therefore, data concerning one or more fields are collected. Further, according the type of change and its magnitude, change program is formulated. The methods of data collection can be in the form of questionnaire, interview, survey or observation. In addition, it is crucial to analyse both internal and external environment to completely understand the change objectives (Benn et al. 2014). Moreover, from the leadership, management and governance perspectives, it is important to collect data regarding the effectiveness of the leadership and management style in the organization. Data concerning employees confidence in the leadership, capability of management in taking crucial decisions, efficacy of corporate governance, as well as data from the peer organizations about the leadership and management style are collected. This helps the organization to identify pitfalls in the current management styles with concrete evidences. Identifying significant problems: Once the organization has the relevant data about the field that needs change, it is important to list various symptoms that indicate the need for change. With the help of identified symptoms, the management can understand the gap between the expected results and the actual performance that can be analysed using qualitative and quantitative methods. The data collected about the leadership and management perspectives helps in identifying the gap between the expected outcomes from the management versus the actual results. Further, with the help of available data, it has been identified that the current leadership and management style is too bureaucratic with unnecessary control and one way communication method. Thus, it has been identified that the employees are not able to work with their full potential and as a result, the productivity and morale of the employees are negatively affected (Ford and Foster 2012). Analysing pros and cons: It is important to analyse the current management and organizational governance style and identify the pros and cons of it. Further, it is also important to understand the causes or situations that demands change and what elements of the current management style are beneficial for the organization. This helps in developing a connection between the identified symptoms and the primary causes (Benn et al. 2014). By analysing the weak and strong points, together with the causes would help the change agent to identify the loopholes of current leadership style and governance practise and ways to avoid such incidences in the future. Generating recommendations: This stage includes generating recommendations in order to eliminate the drawbacks of previous management and developing ways to exploit the opportunities present in the market. One the issues in the organizational leadership, management style and governance is identified. It is important to identify and develop alternatives that can be incorporated in the organization. This steps marks the precursor of intervention stage of change management with clear specifications to the competences, responsibilities, and the application deadlines (Burke 2013). Change Interventions Interventions can be defined as a set of structured and planned activities in which certain organizational perspectives are engaged in order to fulfil certain objectives regarding systematic improvements and organizational development. The intervention stage of organizational development consist of following steps: Creating a plan for implementing the intervention: This stage involves formulation of detailed intervention strategies for every aspect concerning the organization change. This stage aims at providing solution regarding what the organization wants to achieve, how it can be achieved and understanding the learning from the diagnosis about the barriers to change and what sources can bring the desired change (Anderson 2013). Structuring the activities that need to be implemented: In this step, the various activities that are identified for bringing the desired change in the organization are structured in the order of execution. Moreover, in this step, people such as leadership, top executives and change agents are identified. In addition, various parties to the organization that will be affected by the change are identified and their needs (e.g. training programs) are taken care of (Burke and Noumair 2015). Proper selection and initiation of interventions: In this step maximum use of diagnostic data are employed and the effectiveness of intervention activities are arranged in such a manner that subsequent steps becomes more effective and efficient. It also helps in saving time, energy and organizational recourses. In addition, with proper selection and speedy initiation of intervention activities, not only organization improvement is ensured but also helps in minimizing the psychological and organizational strain (Anderson 2013). Communicating the interventions implemented: Once, the relevant intervention activities are implemented, it is important for the top leaders, executives and change agents to communicate the change initiatives to all the stakeholders of the organization that would be affected by the change programme. The new roles and responsibilities of employees and other affected parties should be clearly communicated to enhance the effectiveness of change intervention and to minimize the resistance from the employees (Burke and Noumair 2015). Feedback and evaluation: The last step in the intervention process is getting feedback from the parties affected by the change and undertaking a thorough evaluation of intervention programme. Depending on the feedback received and the evaluation, some changes or adjustments may be necessary (Anderson 2013). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that organizational development can be achieved more effectively by identifying the organizational change perspectives. There are many ways through which change can be implemented in an organization, however, to achieve the desired change identification of appropriate change perspective is crucial. Moreover, it is also important to diagnose the change and implement relevant and adequate interventions. References Anderson, D.L., 2013.Organization development: The process of leading organizational change. Sage Publications. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Burke, W.W. and Noumair, D.A., 2015.Organization development: A process of learning and changing. FT Press. Burke, W.W., 2013.Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Coghlan, D. and Shani, A.R., 2013. Organizational-development research interventions: Perspectives from action research and collaborative management research.The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Leadership, Change, and Organizational Development, p.443. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Ford, J.K. and Foster-Fishman, P., 2012. Organizational development and change: Linking research from the profit, nonprofit, and public sectors. InThe Oxford Handbook of Organizational Psychology, Volume 2. Geparth, R., Savall, H., Zardet, V. and Bonnet, M., 2014. Organizational Development and Measurement: Toward A New Direction. In5me colloque et sminaire doctoral international de l'ISEOR-AOM(p. 17). Myers, P., Hulks, S. and Wiggins, L., 2012.Organizational change: Perspectives on theory and practice. Oxford University Press. Senge, P.M., 2014.The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in a learning organization. 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Films As Primary Sources For History Essays - Film Genres

Films As Primary Sources For History Films as primary sources for history If a picture is worth a thousand words than how much is a moving picture, or movie, worth? In the study of history, the usage of movies as primary sources is controversial. Motion pictures are more commonly well-known as sources and created for entertainment purposes. Film is a creation of a reality. This has some valuable resources for the study of history in many respects. They may or may not be representational, and some may include writing or printing. Some can be categorized as fine art, others as documentary record. Originality may or may not be important, and the content may or may not be the primary focus. History is made by people - in a sense that it is written by people positioned in time and in location, living under a certain political regime, in a certain cultural arena, and having an access to certain interpretative schemes. There are many different types of films. Documentaries and news (newsreels in some instances) are one of the most widely recognized and less-controversial in the study of history since their purpose is not purely entertainment but instead the exploration of an aspect of the world around us. In many respects, they are exposing history as it is happening. Yet with even these films, it should be realized that they are the interpretation of the director/producer, the camera angles are chosen, the people interview are chosen, the information portrayed is chosen. Yet it still retains its advantages. This is the past at its most immediate, valuable for its record of social and cultural life (even if inevitably somewhat distorted in its art form by its purpose as something other than an accurate record). News footage has recorded, both for the cinema newsreel and for television the recent history of past wars in great detail; some of it is readily available on commercial videotapes and incre asingly on multi-media CD-ROMs. The weekly newsreels have now been replaced by the much greater immediacy of television. In essence, this is history recorded at the moment of its being made - a trade-off between the ultimate in immediacy and the lack of clarity that reflection and a broader time-scale would produce. Another form of film would be the historical series. These are the types of films produced for educational networks. They historically research a topic, choose how to represent it, and them produce it for a more or less mass audience. These films can prove quite valuable to the study of history for the elaboration of areas of interest. Also they are valuable in bringing to light aspects that many have been obscured before. On the other hand, the fault of these films lie in which information they choose to portray and not portray. Since they are produced for a mass audience, there are also concerns about them being produced accordingly, leaving out parts of information that may be pertinent in light of public interest. The films have the interesting position of being able to portray history in different lights, they are able to use a different medium to explore a topic, and also bring it to a broader audience. They can portray credability through emphasis and create villains as well a s heroes. In the captialistic world of Hollywood arises the major motion picture. Created for mainly entertainment purposes therefore there is an incredibly decreased emphasis on the historical value of the films. While there may be consulting historians, they purpose of the movie is entertainment and not historical accuracy. The other major disadvantage of major motion pictures is that most are fictional. The use of fiction in history does have its merits but it is not the argument of this paper. The main reason why not to get into this argument is that fiction does have its role in history and then placing the role of a fictional text into a visual fiction is a dissertation and not an essay. One of the major advantages of major motion pictures is that because they are produced for acceptance by the mass society, we are able to disect values of the time period it was created. Visually we are also able to get

Essay Summer Nutrition and Mental Health

Essay Summer Nutrition and Mental Health Essay Summer: Nutrition and Mental Health There are many beneficial and injurious food choices to choose from now a days. From processed food purchased from a fast food restaurant to organic, fresh food purchased at a local grocery store, which is the right choice for our mental health? To begin, it is important to make smart food choices. In a recent study with more than 1000 women from diverse sections of Australia, it was found those who followed the national dietary guidelines were less likely to have depression or anxiety. When looking at depression and anxiety, the proportional rates of teenagers has doubled in the last thirty years (). Taking note of the studies done, perhaps if following the national dietary guidelines was more accessible and common, the possibility of prevention would increase. To continue, as many good foods are out there, there are also many unhealthy choices. Foods to avoid would contain saturated fats, like animal fat, butter, cream, and whole milk. The reason why these foods should be avoided i s because they affect us negatively. Things such as refined sugars inflame our body and assault our immune system, affecting our hormones and leaving us vulnerable to common and disabling illnesses such as depression. Although foods such as cookies, candy, etc. are comforting and make us feel better, we are only given a short, temporary burst of energy due to blood sugar increasing. On the other hand, healthier foods will provide a much longer lasting effect. A healthy diet is very important to one’s mental health and should contain many things. Sources of protein like fish, chicken, red meat, eggs, legumes, nuts, and seeds are important because protein assists to release the beneficial brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine, which work together to increase your energy level, enhance your concentration and make you more alert. Dairy products such as yogurt, milk and cheese, low-fat preferred such as feta or skim-milk cheeses are important because they contain tryptophan . Tryptophan is an amino acid that your body uses to produce serotonin, a chemical that people who have depression often have a low levels of. Vegetables and fruit are useful because they’re high in fibre and antioxidants. Fiber is important for mental health Asparagus, orange juice and spinach are

Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report - Assignment Example aster has full freedom to take decision or actions, it can be easily formed as no legal formality is required, sole traders is the only legal entity of this business form, no legal restrictions for sole traders apart from setting up any particular kind of business, and the continuity of this form is based on life, good health or death of the owner. A sole proprietor is liable for all of the debts, and even possesses liability in account of any injuries caused due to business. The profit is retained entirely by the sole owner. The sole proprietor pays income tax on the total business income. It is the easiest form to set up a business but requires legal paper work for local licenses for a suitable state, and if the owner sets up the business in someone else’s name it than requires a business license. The main disadvantages of such a form is limited financial resources, limited managerial capability, uncertainty in continuity of the business, unlimited liability makes the person al properties of the owner at risk, and is not suitable for large scale business (Cross, 1928). General partnership is a form of partnership where the business partner has unlimited liability. The partners have unlimited personal liabilities and are liable and can be sued for any partnership obligations. The profits are passed from divided amongst the partners according to agreement without any restriction. The partners have equal authority and rights in taking any managerial decision or action. Dissolution of partnership occurs when the relationship of the partners gets terminated due to various reasons such as death, bankruptcy or expulsion of a partner, which indicates impossibility to conduct such partnership business. The convenience is that it requires low volumes and cheap paper work for registration, but the burden of additional funds at cheaper price still remains even that the number of investors is more in this form. The main advantage is that it can increase the amount of funds

International Management Competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

International Management Competencies - Essay Example For this reason, embracing Internet technology to gain information about the market composition may work positively for my organisation. Through this knowledge, it is easier for me as a manager to understand the manner of reaction of all customers to diverse ideas prevailing in the market. Following globalisation of businesses, it is advisable for me as a manager to ensure that all the accounting and book keeping methods follow the international standards. Burton (2012) argues that anybody in any part of the world who may be interested in knowing about the organisations financial status may have easy time interpreting the financial implications on the records. This would create an international business climate which would come along with numerous advantages in my position as a manager according to the explanations in the subsequent sections. The article elaborates about culture and business ethics having direct relations which can be viewed in different dimensions. There are issues such as law, religion and other means of relation which define the culture of a given business community. This relates to cross-cultural ideas which bring about change in the market culture and norms. This may vary from country to country depending on the dominant values in the field of business within that country. As a manager, it is crucial for me to determine the cultures and practice of various countries so as to make sound decision in every involvement with any country. On the same note, I realize that development of better communication and diversity within a country would mean that more tolerance would be exhibited compared to pure composition in a society. Burton (2012), in his research, supports that the best way to go as a manager is to ensure that all the instruments used in cultural impact determination are non bias. In determining all the dimensions, I must consider that functional role remains constant across all countries. When I am developing a design for a

Impact of Nitrogen on Carbon Stocks

Impact of Nitrogen on Carbon Stocks 2. Literature Review: This chapter will provide an overview of; the scientific basis behind why adding nitrogen will cause an increase in carbon stocks, the impacts of nitrogen deposition on tree carbon stocks documented in the current literature, the impacts of nitrogen deposition on soil carbon stocks documented in the current literature and information more specifically targeted at the UK and the South Downs. 2.1. The global nitrogen cycle The nitrogen cycle is strongly coupled with the carbon cycle, this dependence on one another and key feedbacks is illustrated in figure 2. 1. If the availability of one of these elements changes it will affect the biochemical cycle of the other element and eventually the functioning of the entire ecosystem (Gruber Galloway, 2008). Reactive nitrogen (Nr) is a requirement for the growth of plants and soil microorganisms, the processes of both play key roles in the global carbon cycle. The rise in anthropogenic CO2 has been observed to increase plant photosynthesis and therefore plant growth and carbon storage (Oren et al., 2001). This growth however can be limited by the levels of Nr available in soils (Vitousek and Howarth, 1991), hence in Nr poor ecosystems the potential carbon sink could be limited. In some regions it is conceivable that anthropogenic production of Nr could provide the nutrients necessary to reduce limitations on plant growth (Ciais et al., 1995). Prior to the industrial revolution reactive nitrogen, any form of nitrogen species other than N2, was only made available to the terrestrial ecosystem by natural processes, such as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and lightening, since industrialisation a number of sources of Nr have become much more significant (Figure 2.2). BNF allows the terrestrial ecosystem to acquire essential nitrogen compounds a through a series of reactions that convert N2 into ammonia (Ciais et al., 2013). Initially there was an equilibrium between the input of Nr to the ecosystem and its loss through the process of denitrification, however since industrialisation this equilibrium no longer exists. Humans produce a quantity of Nr that is much greater than that produced naturally in ecosystems. This Nr is produced by humans in a number of wa ys: 1) it is produced industrially by the Haber-Bosch process, producing NH3 as a fertiliser for crops, this nitrogen is then spread through run off and emission into the atmosphere; 2) the growth of crops such as legumes that are associated with mycorrhizal fungi and higher levels of BNF (Hayman, 1986); and 3) the combustion of fossil fuels which converts N2 and fossil fuel nitrogen into nitrous oxides (NOx) which are emitted into the atmosphere and then deposited on terrestrial ecosystems and the ocean (Ciais et al., 2013). This undeniable evidence of the anthropogenic perturbation of the nitrogen cycle and the close relationship between the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle highlights the need to understand how additions of nitrogen will interact with the carbon cycle, and in what way this will impact carbon sinks and therefore feedback to the climate. The increased supply of Nr can be expected to increase terrestrial CO2 uptake by increasing NPP (net primary productivity) (chapter 2.2.1) or reducing the rate of organic matter breakdown (chapter 2.2.2). It must be noted however that additions of Nr will not exclusively increase CO2 uptake by the terrestrial biosphere: negative direction (in situations where it accelerates organic matter breakdown)-> ) O3 formed in the troposphere as a result of NOx and volatile organic compound emissions reduces plant productivity, and therefore reduces CO2 uptake from the atmosphere. On the global scale the net influence of the direct and indirect contributions of Nr on the radiative balance was estimated to be –0.24 W m–2 (with an uncertainty range of +0.2 to –0.5 W m–2)(Erisman et al., 2011). The balance between the directions will determine the potential. 2.2.1 Forest Carbon Uptake- Trees Various studies have assessed the possible impact of increased nitrogen on tree carbon stock and a variety of methods have been employed. One approach involves assessing the relationship between the spatial trends of carbon uptake, found by study of forest growth or net ecosystem production (NEP), and nitrogen deposition. In their 2007 study Magnani et al. employed a variation of this technique. Carbon stocks and their fluxes were measured in 5 representative chronosequences in Europe. In addition data from the literature, from a further 13 chronosequences and two uneven aged stands were used. Estimates of wet deposition of nitrogen were calculated from various data sets. The relationship between wet nitrogen deposition and NEP was then analysed graphically and statistically. Studies of the influence of nitrogen deposition at stand level have also been carried out, one example of this is a study by Solberg et al. (2009). The impact of nitrogen deposition was evaluated by using deposi tion values from the growth period (1993-2000). These values were then correlated with the values for relative volume which was calculated as actual increment in % of expected increment. In their study Magnani et al. (2007) found a strong relationship between C sequestration and wet N-deposition (Figure 2.3d) with an R2 value of 0.97. Though they found this relationship was largely obscured by age effects when individual stands were considered. Solberg et at. (2009) found that nitrogen deposition had a fertilising effect of slightly higher than 1% increase in volume increment per kg N ha-1 yr-1. The results of these papers can be converted into nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) in order to make them comparable, where NUE is the response of carbon sequestration to nitrogen deposition in kg C/kg N (de Vries et al., 2009). Thus it was calculated that Magnani et al. (2007) found an NUEeco value of approximately 475 kg C/ kg N (de Vries et al., 2009). Sutton et al. (2008) found this value to be unlikely and tested the data against more appropriate N-depostion values for the period suggested and produced results calculated by de Vries et al. (2009) to be between 91 and 177 kg/C/N. The NUE value for trees in the study by Solberg et al. (2009) were calculated to be equivalent to 19-38 kg C/ kg N. Another important area of research in this field is the evaluation of C-N stoichiometry of ecosystem compartments because it strongly influences the potential for carbon fixation to respond to nitrogen deposition (de Vries et al., 2009). Nitrogen entering the ecosystem can be traced by applying isotopically labelled nitrogen (15N) to the forest floor and tracking its movement. Melin et al. (1983) applied this techniques in nitrogen-limited Scots pine stand in Sweden, to study the distribution and recovery of the labelled fertiliser. The application rate was 100kg of ammonium nitrate-N/ha. Nadelhoffer et al. (1999) carried out similar 15N tracer experiments in nine temperate forests for three years. Further to this de Vries et al. (2006) used the same methodology as Nadelhoffer et al. (1999) at over 6000 level I plots (From a large-scale forest condition monitoring scheme based on a 16 x 16 km gridnet across Europe). Site specific soil C/N ratios were utilised and the assumption of an increase of upto 0.1 of N retention fractions in stem wood that are influenced by N deposition. Melin et al. (1983) reported a value of between 12 and 28% of nitrogen applied recovered in trees. De Vries et al. (2009) used the C/N ratio of 500 for stem wood estimated by Nadelhoffer et al.(1999) to calculate a NUEtree of 30-70 kg C/kg N. A NUEtree of 25 kg C/kg N was calculated in the same way for the results presented by Nadelhoffer et al. (1999) which showed 5% of nitrogen applied to be recovered in woody biomass. The results of direct fertilisation experiment methodologies are important to consider for this research paper, low doses of N fertiliser are applied to selected sites for a long-term (8-30 years) study. Hyvonen et al. (2008) ran experiments in Sweden and Finland in Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris stands. 15 sites were selected for long-term experimentation that ranged from 14 to 30 years. Low (30-50 kg N ha-1 yr-1) or high (50-200 kg N ha-1) doses of N-fertiliser either alone or in combination with other nutrients were applied to plots no smaller than 30 x 30 m. Diameter at breast height (DBH), number of trees ha-1 and tree height (when available) at each plot on each occasion of measurement were utilised to calculate biomass. The amount of carbon at each site was estimated to be 0.5 of the biomass. Changes in the C-pool was calculated for each site and the effect of N-fertilisation was calculated as the difference between the fertilised plots and the control plots. Pregitzer et al . (2007) applied 30 kg N ha-1 yr-1 from 1994 to 2004 to four different hardwood forests in Michigan. Tree growth was measured yearly and compared with control sites. Hogberg et al. (2006) ran a 30 year experiment in unpolluted boreal forest. N fertiliser (ammonium nitrate) was applied to replicated (N=3) 0.09 ha plots. 3 doses were prescribed, 34, 68 and 108 kg N ha-1 yr-1. The highest level of application was cancelled after 20 years to allow recovery to be assessed in the subsequent decade. Hyvonen et al. (2008) presented their results as kg C/kg N and so no further calculations were necessary. They found that for the low dose application of N NUEtree was 25 kg C/kg N whereas for high dose it was 11 kg C/kg N. NPK addition produced values of 38 and 11 kg C/kg N for low and high doses respectively. Pregitzer at al. (2007) found an increase of 5000 kg C ha-1 in woody biomass, with a total application of N of 300 kg N ha-1 for the whole study period this equates to 17 kg C/kg N (de Vries et al, 2009). Hogberg et al. (2006) found an initial increase in tree growth at all doses of nitrogen treatment. However in the long-term the impact of fertilisation was found to be highly rate dependant. The high dose showed no gain, medium dose gave an increase of 50 m3 ha-1 and low dose a growth increase of 100 m3 ha-1 as compared to the control. In order to calculate NUEtree de Vries (2009) assumed a wood density of 500 kg m-3 and C content at 50% to calculate a net C gain of 25, 000 k g C the total N input was also calculated and net C gain was divided by this value to give 25 kg C/kg N for the lowest levels of N application. Model simulations have been used extensively in the literature. Levy et al. (2004) used three models (CENTURY, BCG and Hybrid) that employ a Monte Carlo approach, utilising conceptual algorithms that depend on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results. The models were applied to a coniferous forest in Sweden for a 100 year period. Simulated nitrogen deposition levels were from data by Schulze (2000) the current ambient nitrogen deposition of 12 kg N ha-1 year-1 or 10 Ãâ€" current ambient nitrogen deposition, 120 kg N ha-1 year-1. Sutton et al. (2008) used the same inputs as Levy et al. (2004) but calculated a smaller value of total N-deposition (6-26 kg N ha-1 yr-1). Milne and Van Oijen (2005) used a complex forest growth model (EFM) directly parameterised to 22 specific sites selected across Europe, because growing conditions such as soil nitrogen levels were available for the sites. Model simulations were run for an 80 year period, control runs maintained N-deposition v alues at their 1920 levels whereas environmental change scenarios ran observed values of change averaging 10.5  ± 5.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for the whole period.

14 a day keeps the depression away :: essays research papers

Fourteen a Day Keeps the Depression Away What is Bi- Polar disorder? It is a condition formerly known as Manic Depressive Disorder that involves depressive episodes along with periods of elevated moods known as mania. Symptoms of mania include an abnormally elevated mood, irritability, an overly inflated sense of self-esteem, and distractibility. Persons experiencing an episode of mania are generally talkative, have a decreased need for sleep, and may engage in reckless or risk-taking behaviors. What is it like for a child that is diagnosed with Bi- Polar disorder? One of the many challenges a child with this disease faces is attending school. I have a young person in my life that was diagnosed with this disorder at the age of four and has been on medication since. He is now thirteen and is in the 7th grade. A characteristic of his particular disorder is that his IQ is considered that of a genius and last year in the 6th grade he was even accepted into the Mensa Society. Every morning, afternoon, and evening he is expected to ingest a handful of various mood-stabilizers. He talks to everyone, but more often his self, and stays up all night watching cartoons. He does not have any friends and his medications have caused him to become overweight. Should young children take so much medicine that they need uppers and downers? He has never been removed from them all at once but every few months they take him off one thing and then he starts some new miracle drug. There is no incli nation what kind of person this child would be without medication in his system that alters his emotions and personality. This child has been diagnosed with Bi- Polar disease, ADHD, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Oppostional Defiance Disorder. I ask myself if he really has all these conditions or if all young children get hyper sometimes. He cries because he can’t figure out how to use his vocabulary word in a sentence. He throws a conniption fit when the loops of his shoelaces aren’t tied exactly symmetrical. I have gone back and forth for years trying to determine what he needs. Up to the age of four he would get so frustrated that he would lash out. A cat scan revealed that he has seizures in the frontal lobe of his brain that cause him to become aggravated and sometimes violent.